Tejal Somvanshi
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is spreading across Australia with recent deaths and new detections triggering health alerts. The virus has claimed two lives in New South Wales (NSW) this year and has been detected in Brisbane mosquitoes for the first time.
Recent Deaths Highlight Growing Concern
A man in his 70s died on March 6 after contracting the virus while holidaying in the Murrumbidgee region of NSW. This marks the second JEV death in NSW this year and the fourth since the virus was first detected in the state in 2022.
NSW Health has also reported a probable case in a man in his 20s in northern NSW – likely acquired while traveling between Moree Plains, Tamworth, and Gunnedah shires. He has been discharged and is recovering at home.
Brisbane’s First Detection
In a concerning development, routine mosquito surveillance has detected JEV in Brisbane’s eastern riverside suburb of Hemmant. This is the first time the virus has been found in Queensland’s capital, suggesting its geographic spread is expanding.
Queensland Health officials are particularly concerned about increased risk following recent flooding from ex-Tropical Cyclone Alfred, which has created ideal breeding conditions for mosquitoes.
Government Response
Queensland Premier David Crisafulli has announced efforts to connect affected residents with vaccines. “While there is always a level of risk, we want people not to be alarmed,” Crisafulli said. “By all means, be vigilant, but there’s no case to be alarmed.”
Chief Health Officer Dr. Heidi Carroll is expected to announce Brisbane vaccination plans soon. The virus has already been detected in mosquito populations in the Goondiwindi and North Burnett regions of Queensland.
In NSW, health officials are urging residents to take the threat seriously. “People need to take mosquito-borne infections seriously, especially as people start the clean-up from recent floods in an environment where mosquitoes thrive,” said Dr. Jeremy McAnulty, NSW Health’s Executive Director of Health Protection.
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Understanding JEV
Japanese encephalitis is spread by mosquitoes and can infect both humans and animals, but not between humans. The virus is native to parts of Asia and the western Pacific but has now established itself in Australia.
Most people infected with JEV experience mild symptoms or none at all. However, some develop fever, headache, abdominal pain, or vomiting within 5-15 days of being bitten. In severe cases, the virus can cause brain inflammation, seizures, and even death.
The virus has no specific treatment, making prevention crucial. Mosquitoes become infected after biting infected pigs or wading birds, then spread the virus to humans through their bites.
Climate Connection
Experts point to climate change as a key factor in JEV’s spread. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns have expanded mosquito habitats into previously unsuitable regions. Recent floods have created ideal breeding grounds, increasing the risk of transmission.
Prevention Measures
Health authorities recommend several steps to avoid infection:
- Remove standing water around homes to eliminate breeding sites
- Use mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus
- Wear long, loose-fitting, light-colored clothing
- Use mosquito coils outdoors and insecticide vaporizers indoors
- Consider vaccination if eligible
Vaccination Efforts
Since 2022, more than 18,000 Queenslanders have been vaccinated against JEV. The vaccine is currently free for eligible residents, including:
- Piggery workers
- Transport workers involved with pigs
- Veterinarians and others caring for pigs
- People living near piggeries
The vaccine is available at over 100 vaccination providers across Queensland, including selected general practitioners, pharmacies, and community immunization providers. While the vaccine itself is free for eligible individuals, some providers may charge a consultation fee.
In NSW, vaccines are available through local general practitioners, indigenous health services, and pharmacists for people living or working in certain inland local government areas or in high-risk jobs.
As authorities continue monitoring the situation, they emphasize that prevention remains the best defense against this potentially deadly virus.
Frequently Asked Questions About Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis is a viral infection spread by mosquitoes. The virus can’t spread directly from person to person. Mosquitoes become infected after biting infected pigs or wading birds, then spread the virus to humans through their bites. The virus is native to parts of Asia and the western Pacific but has now established itself in Australia.
Most people infected with Japanese encephalitis virus experience mild symptoms or none at all. When symptoms do occur, they typically appear 5-15 days after being bitten and may include fever, headache, abdominal pain, or vomiting. In severe cases, the virus can cause brain inflammation (encephalitis), seizures, and even death. In children, initial symptoms may include gastrointestinal pain and vomiting.
To protect yourself:
- Remove standing water around your home to eliminate mosquito breeding sites
- Use mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus
- Wear long, loose-fitting, light-colored clothing
- Use mosquito coils outdoors and insecticide vaporizers indoors
- Consider vaccination if you’re in a high-risk group
Currently, the vaccine is free for eligible Australians, including:
- Piggery workers
- Transport workers involved with pigs
- Veterinarians and others caring for pigs
- People living near piggeries
- In NSW, people living or working in certain inland local government areas
Eligibility may expand in Brisbane following the recent detection of the virus. Check with local health authorities for the most current information.
Experts link the spread of Japanese encephalitis in Australia to climate change. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns have expanded mosquito habitats into regions that were previously unsuitable. Recent floods have created ideal breeding conditions for mosquitoes, increasing the risk of transmission. The virus was first detected in NSW in 2022 and has since been expanding its geographic range.
There is no specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis. Medical care focuses on supporting patients and treating symptoms while the body fights the infection. For severe cases, this may include hospitalization, respiratory support, and medication to control seizures. This is why prevention through mosquito control and vaccination for high-risk groups is so important.
